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Country by country

What a private shelter costs: official figures by country

Of 62 countries, only Switzerland sets a national amount per shelter place: CHF 1,400 per required place not built. Subsidies and who pays, by country.

Updated 2026-10-20· 72 official sources

Short answer. Of 62 countries compared, only Switzerland publishes a national amount per shelter place: CHF 1,400 for each required shelter place an owner does not build 12. At the other end, Poland's targeted subsidy can cover up to 100% of the extra investment cost of a recognised protective structure 3. 28 countries publish no official guidance on private shelters, and 11 answers are unconfirmed.

What does a private shelter cost? The 62 countries side by side

"Official figure" means an amount, rate, contribution, tax, subsidy or permit fee published by a government body or in law. No market or manufacturer prices are used. "Who pays, and funding rules" is what the official texts say about who builds, who bears the cost and what public money exists. "Unconfirmed" means the country record is still being checked. Each country name links to its shelter page. Twelve country records cite no source because no official text on private shelters was found.

Country Official figure Who pays, and funding rules
Argentina No official guidance published No official guidance published
Australia None in the official source read 4 No obligation anywhere in Australia; Victoria requires a building permit for a private fire bunker 4
Austria None; no federal funding identified 56 No state law still requires shelters; the Interior Ministry says it is not responsible 56
Belgium No official guidance published 78 No official guidance published 78
Brazil No official guidance published No official guidance published
Bulgaria None in the official sources read 910 Owners of private collective protection means maintain them and bear all maintenance costs 910
Canada No official guidance published No official guidance published
Chile No official guidance published No official guidance published
Colombia No official guidance published 11 No official guidance published 11
Costa Rica No official guidance published 12 No official guidance published 12
Croatia None in the official sources read 13 No duty to build since 2000; shelters in residential buildings treated as common parts kept by co-owners 1314
Cyprus Unconfirmed 15 Unconfirmed 15
Czech Republic No official guidance published 16 No official guidance published 16
Denmark No amount; the minister may let owners pay into a municipal shelter fund instead of building 17 The building owner builds, maintains and prepares a sikringsrum and bears the costs 1817
Estonia Unconfirmed 19 Unconfirmed 19
Finland None in the official source read 20 The owner builds a shelter in new buildings of 1,200 m² or more (1,500 m² industrial, storage, assembly) 20
France Unconfirmed 2122 Unconfirmed 2122
Georgia None in the official source read 23 Owners and users maintain a shelter; changing its purpose needs prior written consent of the Interior and Defence ministries 23
Germany Unconfirmed 2425 Unconfirmed 2425
Greece Unconfirmed 26 Unconfirmed 26
Hungary No official guidance published 2728 No official guidance published 2728
Iceland No official guidance published 29 No official guidance published 29
India None in the official source read 30 Only on government order; if the owner fails, the government builds and recovers the cost through the Collector 30
Indonesia No official guidance published No official guidance published
Ireland No official guidance published No official guidance published
Israel None in the official sources read 3132 A protected space in every new residential building and extension over 12 m², checked before the building permit 3132
Italy No official guidance published No official guidance published
Japan No official guidance published 33 No official guidance published 33
Kazakhstan No official guidance published 34 No official guidance published 34
Kuwait None in the official source read 35 Official advice on a temporary home shelter; no legal obligation found 35
Latvia No amount; exemption possible if a shelter would cost more than 50% of the building cost 36 Owners of certain new buildings (projects from 1 Jan 2027); municipalities may co-fund shelters in private buildings 36
Lithuania Unconfirmed 37 Unconfirmed 37
Luxembourg No official guidance published No official guidance published
Malaysia No official guidance published 38 No official guidance published 38
Malta No official guidance published 39 No official guidance published 39
Mexico No official guidance published 40 No official guidance published 40
Moldova Unconfirmed 41 Unconfirmed 41
Netherlands Unconfirmed 42 Unconfirmed 42
New Zealand No official guidance published No official guidance published
Norway Exemption against payment of an amount used for public shelters; amount not stated 43 Developers of buildings over 1,000 m² where a duty applies; building halted since 1998, every exemption granted 434445
Peru No official guidance published 46 No official guidance published 46
Philippines No official guidance published 47 No official guidance published 47
Poland Targeted subsidy of up to 100% of the extra investment cost (Art. 106) 3 The owner of a recognised protective structure keeps it in good condition and opens it on order 3
Portugal No official guidance published No official guidance published
Qatar No official guidance published 48 No official guidance published 48
Romania No amount; Law 481/2004 allows one-time subsidies to citizens for shelters in housing 49 The owner pays for shelters required in housing, offices and shopping centres, e.g. new buildings with a basement of 600 m² or more 4950
Serbia None in the official sources read 5152 No shelter-specific permit; citizens and owners keep protection equipment in working order 5152
Singapore No cost figure; fine of up to S$5,000, plus up to S$250 a day for a continuing offence 53 Every new house and block of flats; the owner maintains the shelter 5354
Slovakia None in the official sources read 5556 No duty on households; duties fall on the state, municipalities and businesses 5556
Slovenia Unconfirmed 5758 Unconfirmed 5758
South Africa No official guidance published No official guidance published
South Korea None in the official sources read 5960 Owners of buildings with a basement (not detached homes) can be ordered to prepare facilities 5960
Spain No official guidance published 61 No official guidance published 61
Sweden None; the state decides case by case, within state funding, whether a shelter is built 6263 Owners of buildings with a shelter maintain it; no rule for a family's own bunker 6263
Switzerland CHF 1,400 per shelter place not built (replacement contribution) 12 Owners building housing in communes short of places build, equip and maintain a shelter, or pay the contribution 12
Taiwan None in the official source read 64 Built into new buildings in designated areas, e.g. non-public buildings of 6 or more storeys 64
Thailand No official guidance published 65 No official guidance published 65
Turkey None in the official source read 66 Mandatory in new buildings above set thresholds; residential buildings under 10 units are exempt 66
Ukraine Unconfirmed 67 Unconfirmed 67
United Arab Emirates Unconfirmed 6869 Unconfirmed 6869
United Kingdom No official guidance published No official guidance published
United States No federal figure in the official source read 70 No federal requirement; local building permits and inspections 70

No country in the comparison publishes a building-permit fee specific to a private shelter.

The only official per-place amount: Switzerland

Switzerland requires owners who build housing in communes that lack shelter places to build, equip and maintain a shelter. If no shelter is built, for technical reasons or because enough places already exist, they pay a replacement contribution of CHF 1,400 per shelter place 12. The canton of Zug says the money finances communal public shelters and the renewal of public and private shelters, and requires payment within three months of the start of construction 2. This is a payment in place of a shelter, not a construction price.

Countries that let owners pay instead of building

Besides Switzerland, two countries have a payment-instead-of-building rule without a published amount. Norway lets developers be exempted from the shelter duty on application, against payment of an amount used for public shelters 43. Building of new shelters has been halted since 1998, and every applicant receives an exemption 45. Denmark may let owners pay into a municipal shelter fund instead of building, under rules the minister may set since 1 February 2026 17.

Countries that subsidise or co-fund shelters

Poland lets an owner ask for a building to be recognised as a protective structure. The owner can then receive a targeted subsidy covering up to 100% of the extra investment cost, and must keep the structure in good condition and open it when ordered 3. Latvia lets municipalities support shelters in private buildings under their own regulations. A municipality may exempt a builder when the shelter would cost more than 50% of the building cost 36. Romania's Law 481/2004 allows one-time subsidies to citizens for shelters in housing, on terms set by Government decision 49. A Romanian press report says a law promulgated in July 2026 lets local councils fund repairs of shelters in apartment blocks; the gazette text was not read 71.

In Japan, the national government publishes no guidance on private shelters 33. Kofu City pays up to 360,000 yen for an earthquake shelter in an owner-occupied wooden house begun before 1 June 1981. It protects against house collapse, not armed attack 72.

Countries where the owner bears the cost

Denmark puts the construction, maintenance and preparation of a sikringsrum, and its costs, on the building owner 1817. Romania makes the owner pay for shelters required in housing, offices and shopping centres 49. Bulgaria makes owners of private collective protection means bear all maintenance costs 10. In India, the government may order an owner to build an air-raid shelter and, if the owner fails, build it and recover the cost 30. In Sweden, a shelter must be decommissioned on request if the owner builds a new one at their own expense and there are no exceptional reasons against it 62.

Finland, Israel, Singapore, Taiwan and Turkey require shelters in some new buildings but publish no cost figure in the sources read 2031536466. Singapore's only published amount is a penalty: a fine of up to S$5,000 for breaking the shelter rules, and up to S$250 a day if the offence continues 53. For what the building standards require, see safe room standards.

Countries where the answer is not confirmed

Eleven answers are still being checked, so nothing is stated as fact for them. Their records note the following open points.

  • Cyprus: a 5% building-coefficient bonus for developments that give part of a basement to Civil Defence as a shelter, decided on 11 March 2026; the regulations could not be read 15.
  • Estonia: the shelter duty read was in the Emergency Act, which a government draft says is repealed from 1 October 2026; the successor law was not read 19.
  • France: no shelter law or subsidy found; how a buried structure counts under planning thresholds is open 2122.
  • Germany: federal co-financing not decided; owners are expected to bear costs of self-protection rooms in existing buildings 2425.
  • Greece: only a press report of a ministerial answer saying owners maintain designated private premises 26.
  • Lithuania: duties for new public and tall residential buildings; no rule found for private houses 37.
  • Moldova: duties on authorities and economic units; the 2023 regulation could not be read 41.
  • Netherlands: no shelter law; the permit question rests on the general permit check 42.
  • Slovenia: shelters mandatory for some public buildings; voluntary private shelters not covered on official pages 5758.
  • Ukraine: owners maintain state-fund shelters at their own cost; no household regime found 67.
  • United Arab Emirates: a legal basis exists, but no procedure for a household shelter was found 6869.

Countries with no official guidance

Twenty-eight countries publish nothing official on private shelters, so no cost rule exists to compare: Argentina, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, the Czech Republic, Hungary, Iceland, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Malta, Mexico, New Zealand, Peru, the Philippines, Portugal, Qatar, South Africa, Spain, Thailand and the United Kingdom. In these countries any construction follows ordinary building rules, which this comparison does not cover. See how to choose a buried shelter before asking for quotes.

Frequently asked questions

Does any government publish an official price for building a private shelter?

No. None of the 62 countries publishes a construction price. Switzerland's CHF 1,400 is a replacement contribution per shelter place not built, not a building cost 12.

Can I get public money for a private shelter?

In Poland, the owner of a recognised protective structure can receive a subsidy of up to 100% of the extra investment cost 3. Latvian municipalities may co-fund shelters in private buildings 36, and Romanian law allows one-time subsidies for shelters in housing 49.

Who pays when the law requires a shelter?

In Denmark and Romania the official texts put the cost on the building owner 1849. In Switzerland the owner builds the shelter or pays CHF 1,400 per place not built 12.

Is there a permit fee for a home bunker?

No country in the comparison publishes a shelter-specific fee. Where the sources answer, a home shelter falls under ordinary building rules, such as local permits and inspections in the United States 70 or a building permit for a fire bunker in Victoria, Australia 4.

Who should design a home shelter?

Phaenyx gives no structural instructions. A structural engineer should check any buried or reinforced structure; our guides on reinforcing a container and shelter ventilation explain what to ask.

Plan your preparation

Whatever your country publishes, a written plan helps you decide whether a shelter, a protected room or another option fits your household. The Phaenyx plan brings together the official sources listed for your country, to discuss with your local building office and a structural engineer.

Sources

  1. Bundesamt für Bevölkerungsschutz BABS — Schutzräume für die Bevölkerung — https://www.babs.admin.ch/de/schutzraeume (accessed 2026-10-20)
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